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GHK-Cu down-regulates TGF-1 and inhibits Smad2/3 activation

CAP can cross the bloodbrain barrier and directly act on the nervous system via TRPV1 (53), participating in the neural pathways of the brain-gut axis

Intracellular ROS can oxidize non-fluorescent DCFH to generate fluorescent DCF

the lower limit of quantification was taken as the lowest point on the standard curve (5 ng/mL) and the upper limit of quantification was 2497 ng/mL

the lifespan was significantly prolonged by counteracting oxidative stress, possibly through the epigenetic downregulation of histone H3 acetylation, thereby suppressing oxidative damage and necrosis