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Hypothetical mechanisms of cigarette smoking-induced kidney damage The precise nature of the biologic connection of cigarette smoking and renal damage is not well understood (and beyond the scope of this narrative review)

IF ON THE SKIN, WASH WITH SOAP AND WATER

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From 2015 to 2020, the prevalence of e-cigarette use among adults aged 15 and above increased from 0.2% to 3.6%

Mitophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and resisting oxidative stress, as this process can control the quality and quantity of mitochondria by eliminating dysfunctional or damaged mitochondria that lead to cell death