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Nevertheless, spatially-explicit littering rates are unlikely to change the patterns and correlations observed here since much of the spatial pattern is overwhelmingly driven by smoking prevalence and population density (Fig 2)

For smoking alone, the risk of a spinal fracture is increased by 32% in men and 13% in women

Many vape businesses are concerned that rising vape product prices could drive customers back to traditional cigarettes

It is probably the strongest of the studies documenting a reduction, though it applies only to senior populations and did not make the adjustment for tobacco taxes noted above