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Applying Bayess rule, we have odds(smoker | cancer) = odds(smoker) * p(cancer | smoker) / p(cancer | non-smoker) Rearranging terms, we can solve for the risk ratio: p(cancer | smoker) / p(cancer | non-smoker) = odds(smoker | cancer) / odds(smoker) = 16 Thats the answer I had in mind, but let me address an objection raised by one poll respondent, who chose Other because, You cant draw casual inferences from observational data without certain assumptions which Im unwilling to make. Thats true

The practical question is what would happen next: Would users quit altogether, move to illicit cigarettes or, for example, switch to vaping

And my hair felt good after, as well

its an indulgence that resonates with a sophisticated lifestyle

As a result, if we compare investment in research into HIV, cancer, and sepsis, the order of magnitude is $40,000/death, $2,500/death, and $1/death