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This method allows the nicotine to be released gradually, providing a steady supply to the bloodstream and mitigating withdrawal symptoms

Smoke is known to induce airway inflammation via IL-6 and IL-8 production and recruit inflammatory cells including neutrophils, however the mechanism causing the release of these cytokines has not been well described 32

Clinical cross-sectional studies demonstrated that urinary excretion of proximal tubular enzymes (beta-hexaminidase, N -acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase, neutral endopeptidase), and free filtered beta-2 microglobulin and retinol binding protein was higher in smoking individuals than in their nonsmoking counterparts [24,25,26,27]