cat with cigarette and wrench smoking holding a while leaning up against a car Had a Rough Day |

Zdanowicz MM and Adams PW

Common contributors include: High caffeine intake Lack of sleep Chronic stress Obesity Excess sodium Alcohol consumption Smoking cigarettes alongside vaping (dual use) Dual use may expose individuals to both cigarette smoke and nicotine from vaping, potentially increasing overall cardiovascular risk

Whereas cigarettes emit whether the person puffs or not. E-cigarettes are also cleaner in that they put fewer chemicals into the air

Published at 05 February, 2026 11:15

Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval to conduct the study was approved by the Northern Health and Disability Ethics Committee NZ (# 19/NTB/215)