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adults and adolescents is rising

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However, nicotine-independent e-vapour can impair short-term memory function assessed by the novel objective recognition test, with reduced microglia numbers, in several hippocampal sub-regions due to long-term exposure, suggesting the toxicity to immune cells may be due to other elements in the e-vapour (Chaaya et al., 2023

Cancer Res 50:37723780 Hecht SS (2002) Human urinary carcinogen metabolites: biomarkers for investigating tobacco and cancer

There is evidence to suggest that substituting e-cigarettes for conventional cigarettes reduces users exposure to toxicants and carcinogens present in conventional cigarettes, but more research is needed to actually prove that this is true