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These will not freeze well

as an upper bound, I assume that e-cigarettes are 50% more effective (figure taken from the aforementioned RCT result for smokers trying to quit)

Smokers are much more likely than non-cigarette users to drink heavily, have a poor diet and develop mental health problems, new research shows

Future research may indeed help isolate useful molecular effects without exposing people to the toxic consequences of tobacco

Specific health complications associated with vaping have included: Acute lung injury and severe pneumonia Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and eosinophilic lung disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Worsening asthma symptoms Myocardial infarction (heart attack) risk Lasting lung damage or scarring Death in severe cases Public health experts warn that the inhalation of chemical solvents , flavoring agents , and ultrafine particles found in vape aerosols may contribute to both respiratory and cardiovascular complications