I think eventually were going to need to do complication-specific clinical trials, as I mentioned, where its the improvement in the complication is the primary outcome measure, not amount of weight loss per se
Probiotics can assist in maintaining gut barrier function, preventing the transfer of risky bacteria and endotoxins into the bloodstream, and reducing systemic inflammation by supporting a healthy gut microbiota
This creates feed-forward cycles that exacerbate cuproptosis: mtROS oxidize cytosolic GSH, releasing bound Cu, and may upregulate the copper importer CTR1 via pathways such as NF-B, increasing copper influx [65]
PLoS One 6 , e24772 (2011)
It activates both the extrinsic apoptotic pathway through caspase-8 and the intrinsic pathway through caspase-9, ultimately resulting in cleavage of executioner caspase-3