C9SN modifies the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM) by impeding glutamine metabolism on one hand, polarizing M2-TAMs to M1-TAMs, which in turn recruits and activates CTLs, while on the other hand, C968 in the nanoaugmentation amplifies the intracellular oxidative stress by inhibiting glutamine metabolism-mediated GSH deprivation, which results in severe cell death, and also enhances the immunogenic cell death (ICD) effect [122]
It exerts systemic effects, benefiting organs and tissues throughout the body
Generally, the dysregulation of apoptosis of citrullinated proteins leads to increased accessibility of intracellular antigens to the immune system, resulting in the production of autoantibodies, immune complex formation, upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ultimately leading to chronic inflammation in RA [11]
Animal studies and a very small uncontrolled human pilot study exist
[2] Category 3 The third category contains all of the nootropics which do not directly interact with either receptors or enzymes, but rather function through a variety of other mechanisms, such as preventing -amyloid or tau tangles in neurodegeneration, peptide or hormone modulation, or those which display antioxidant properties
