Ethanol metabolism, CYP2E1 induction, compromised antioxidant defenses, mitochondrial injury, activation of Kupffer and stellate cells, hypoxia, and iron overload can all contribute to the alcohol-induced oxidative environment
In summary, carbon-dot based nanoenzymes with SOD-like activity offer a promising therapeutic strategy for managing oxidative stress-related diseases due to their high catalytic efficiency, biocompatibility, and disease targeting abilities
Human detection data is more limited
[222] Among other vitamins, vitamin C has the lowest toxicity, although excessive consumption can impact gastrointestinal and renal function
654 PKM2 is particularly pivotal in metabolic reprogramming, modulating the ATP production necessary for tumor cell proliferation and activating the HIF-1 transcription factor, which further encourages glycolytic metabolism