A landmark review by Pickart and Margolina in Biomolecules confirming GHK-Cus broad gene regulatory influence on tissue repair pathways supports its complementary role alongside metabolic interventions like NAD+ therapy
For instance, a high dosage of IGF-1 (100 ng/mL) was found to be detrimental in a mouse study, inducing ectopic ossification and impairing Achilles tendon healing
Endocrine 48 , 135142 (2015)
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Mol Cell Endocrinol 93 : 193198 Resnicoff M, Sell C, Rubini M, Coppola D, Ambrose D, Baserga R, Rubin R (1994) Rat glioblastoma cells expressing an antisense RNA to the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor are nontumorigenic and induce regression of wild-type tumors