The primary molecular actions relevant to skin are: modulation of TGF- signaling (upregulating TGF-1 for collagen I/III synthesis while suppressing TGF-2 to prevent scarring), decorin upregulation for orderly collagen fibril assembly, MMP suppression paired with TIMP upregulation to preserve ECM integrity, and copper-dependent lysyl oxidase activation for collagen crosslinking
These are consistent with subcutaneous injection of any peptide and are not GHK-Cu-specific
Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that supports red blood cell production, nerve function, and energy metabolism
It also acts as a free radical scavenger [8,11,75,110,133,134,135] in vascular occlusion/occlusion-like failure studies, in particular [40,41,42,43,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56], associated with its function as a stabilizer of cellular junction [11], leading to the significantly mitigated leaky gut syndrome [11]
Although both have benefits, the right option often depends on patient preferences, symptoms, and absorption rates
