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It were analyzed by sampling the right lumbar level 4,5,6 dorsal root ganglion (RL4,5,6-DRG) and lumbar level 5 spinal cord (L5-SC) from 3 rats of control, morphine, 3 BPC-157 groups at 5 (representative value of phase 1) and 35 min (representative value of phase 2) after the formalin test

Research has shown increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2, along with their downstream targets, including c-Fos, c-Jun, and Egr-1, which are molecules involved in cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis

Int J Mol Sci 22:1527

Before we dive into the specifics, let's clarify what we're talking about