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Strengths and limitations The main strengths of this study include the population-based cohort design, the large sample size of over 12 million live births, the detailed examination of the associations between the timing and intensity of maternal cigarette smoking and many congenital anomalies subtypes considered (including rare subtypes), the adjustment for several (but not all possible) covariates, and the sensitivity analyses used to confirm our findings

Participants will undergo a urinary cotinine test (to detect any nicotine use), an exhaled CO test, and complete self-administered questionnaires (DASS 21, FTND, AUDIT, SF-36, QSU-brief, PHQ-9, MNWS, mCEQ, and concomitant medication record)

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Alcohol-related yellowing of the eyes can be reversed if a person takes appropriate action before their liver damage progresses to an untreatable level