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Typically, this is done through colonoscopy, though other methods such as enemas and oral capsules are also used [150, 151]

Antibiotics may contribute to oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), aligning with observations of elevated ROS levels in ME/CFS patients

Verma P, Khatun R, Jew KA et al (2025) Therapeutic potential of small peptides in Alzheimers disease: advances in memory restoration and targeted delivery systems

Conversely, in diet-induced MASH mice lacking adaptive immunity, adoptive transfer of Treg cells worsened hepatic steatosis and increased serum ALT levels, suggesting a potentially detrimental role in this setting (137)

10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92415-9